: Unlike standard histories that suggest morale collapsed after the 1943 defeat at Stalingrad, Stargardt argues that these setbacks actually radicalized German society. The existential threat of total defeat spurred a "patriotic defiance" that kept the nation fighting until the very end.
In historian Nicholas Stargardt explores how ordinary German citizens—soldiers and civilians alike—experienced, justified, and sustained the Second World War. Rather than viewing the German populace as mere victims of a totalitarian regime or helpless dupes of propaganda, Stargardt argues that most Germans were actively complicit and continued to support the war effort long after military defeat seemed inevitable. Key Themes and Arguments The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939-1945
: Stargardt presents evidence that the Holocaust was an "open secret" among the German public. Many civilians and soldiers were aware of the mass killings and even viewed the Allied bombing of German cities as a form of divine or "Jewish" retribution for these crimes. : Unlike standard histories that suggest morale collapsed
: Nazi propaganda successfully framed the conflict not as a war of aggression, but as a defensive struggle for national survival. Many Germans believed they were fighting to prevent a repeat of the 1918 defeat and to protect their families from "Judeo-Bolshevism". Rather than viewing the German populace as mere