Osmanlд± Tarihi -

: Allying with the Central Powers led to total defeat and occupation.

: Suleiman (the "Lawgiver") codified a unified legal system. 3. Stagnation and Reform (1600s–1800s) OsmanlД± Tarihi

: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923. : Allying with the Central Powers led to

: Reforms in the 19th century modernized education and the military. OsmanlД± Tarihi

: Increasing debt and nationalist uprisings weakened central control. 4. Collapse (1908–1922)