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Before human testing, drugs undergo in vitro (test tube) and in vivo (animal) testing to assess basic safety and how the drug is metabolized. Clinical Research (The 4 Phases):

Ongoing surveillance for rare or long-term side effects. Core Challenges in Psychiatry

Initial efficacy testing in a small group of patients with the targeted condition.

The FDA examines all data to determine if the drug's benefits outweigh its risks.

Post-market monitoring once the drug is available to the public.

The development of psychiatric medications typically follows five critical stages:

Researchers identify a "target" in the brain—such as a specific receptor—and design molecules to interact with it.