) commonly seen in folk art (represented by bats), though both systems share a focus on health, wealth, and long life.
: Orients the reader into the perspective of attaining immortality.
: While traditionally attributed to the immortal Ge Xuan , scholars suggest it was compiled by his grandnephew Ge Chaofu (circa 397–402 CE), drawing from earlier alchemical works by Ge Hong .
: The scripture reflects a fusion of Daoist practices with early Mahāyāna Buddhist elements, particularly concepts of universal salvation and ancestral liberation.