: Analyzing how a car moves and responds to driver inputs, including handling, vibrations, and stress analysis.

: Circulates coolant to prevent the engine from overheating.

: Allows the driver to guide the vehicle’s direction, often utilizing Ackermann steering geometry for smooth turning.

Automotive design relies on several foundational engineering disciplines:

: Transmits kinetic energy produced by the engine to the tires.

Modern automobiles are composed of several integrated systems that must work in harmony to ensure performance, safety, and efficiency. According to PCauto , the 10 major systems include: